Interview

1.My long-range goals are have good job, nice family and healthy. Of course i will become the best in my own job. And i want to have a big and nice ecohouse
2.My short-range goals are study well through my major. And i will prepare and learn my future life and job during my school. It is important thing for my life. Also I will prepare IBT TOEFL and take it very well. When i pass it well, it gives me chance to change my life.
3. I can handle workload and improve communication and0 collectivity. I will improve new ideas.
4. I have good experience that work with others. It gives me chance to communicate to social and different people.
5.I think the success is the opportunity that show others who i am.And sometimes we can feel to be more confident from succes.
6. First i must graduate well. Then I always need improve myself through all thing including major, personal and responsibilities.
7. Interesting, to require knowledge about whole things, usually to work team are enjoyable for me.
8. I can improve with this organization. And it provide emplyoees through good salary and environment.
9.First, have a good team. it is very important to work well. The second is have a good technology that develop our service. Finally, good salary. I can work well when i earn well.

Job AD M-A

QGX is accepting application for “Enviromental manager”.
Duties and responsibilities:
• Protect environment from to be poisoning, to get dirty and to become weak around project’s site
• Organize activities for restore environment
• Staff are improved knowledge about prodect our environment
• Lead and Train staff that work in project’s site
Essential qualifications:
• Have a bachelor degree or above
• Degree qualifications in ecology, chemistry, environment,biology,etc
• Experience of worked during 2 years or more in environment and ecology
• Fluency in English language
• Ability to process study plans
• Have driving license – would be considered an asset
All interested candidates should submit the following documents:
• Filled out Vacancy Application Form
• A copy of ID
• A copy of Diplomas and Certificates
To the following address before 5.30 pm on August 25th, 2010
Central tower, 16th floor
Sukhbaatar square-2, Sukhbaatar district-8, Ulaabaatar, Mongolia
Tel: 328281, 330313, 328914

Job AD A-M

Ìîíãîë äàõ ºðãºí öàð õ¿ðýýòýé ñóäàëãàà øèíæèëãýý, òºñºë áîëîâñðóóëàëòûã óäèðäàõ îëîí óëñûí óóë óóðõàéí îëáîðëîëòûí Îþó òîëãîé êîìïàíû Õ¿íèé íººöèéí àëáàíä 2 ìýðãýæèëòýí àâíà.
ªðãºäºë ãàðãàã÷ íü äàðààõ ÷àäâàðóóäûã ýçýìøñýí áàéíà.
Òàâèãäàõ øààðäëàãà:
• Õ¿íèé íººöèéí áîëîí áèçíåñèéí óäèðäëàãààð ìýðãýæëèéí çýðýãòýé. ªìíº íü õ¿íèé íººöèéí ìýðãýæëýýð àæèëëàæ áàéñàí òóðøëàãàòàé.
• Ìîíãîë, Àíãëè õýëíèé ìýäëýãòýé
• Íèéòý÷ áà õàðèëöààíû ÷àäâàðòàé
• Á¿õ ò¿âøèíä õàðèëöàí àæèëûã ¿ð ä¿íòýé çîõèîí áàéãóóëàõ ÷àäâàðòàé
• Òºëºâëºõ, çîõèîí áàéãóóëàõ, ÿðèà õýëýëöýýð õèéõ ìàø ñàéí ÷àäâàðòàé
• Õýðýãëýýíèé ïðîãðàììóóä áîëîí ºãºãäëèéí ñàíã õýðýãëýõ äàäëàã òóðøëàãà ñàéí áàéõ
• ªìíºãîâü áîëîí Óëààíáààòàðò õî¸óëàíä íü àæèëëàæ ÷àäàõ
Õ¿ñýæ áóé àæèëûí øààðäëàãà, áýëòãýë
• Ìàø ñàéí àæèëûí òóðøëàãàòàé
• Öàã áàðèõ áîëîí öàãàà ñàéí çîõèîí áàéãóóëàõ ÷àäâàðòàé
• ªºð ººð õýë ñî¸ëòîé õ¿ì¿¿ñòýé àæèëëàõ ÷àäâàð ñàéí áàéõ
¯¿ðýã, õàðèóöëàãà
• Øèíý õ¿í àæèëä àâàõ, òºëºâëºãºº, óóëçàëò äýýð Øèíýýð àæèëòàí ýëñ¿¿ëýõ õýñãèéí ýðõëýã÷èéí øóóä õÿíàëòàí äîð àæèëëàõ
• Íýýëòýé àæèëèéí áàéð á¿ðä øèíý õ¿í àæèëä àâàõ, ÿðèëöëàãûí òºëºâëºãººã óäèðäàõ
• Øèíýýð õ¿í àæèëä àâàõ òºëºâëºãºº áà õýðýãæèëòèéí ¿ð ä¿íòýé áàéäëûã øèéäýõýä ìåíåæèð¿¿äòýé õàìò ä¿ðìèéí äàãóó óäèðäàõ
• Àæèëòíû áîäëîãî áà æóðàìûí òàëààð ìåíåæèð áîëîí àæèëòàíä çºâëºõ
• Àæèëä øàëãàðóóëæ àâàõàä òóñëàõ àæèëèéí çàðûí âåáñàéòûã ñàéæðóóëàõûí òóëä çàðèì òîäîðõîé õ¿ì¿¿ñòýé õàìòàð÷ àæèëëàõ
• Àæèëûí òóðøëàãà, áîëîâñðîë, àæèëñàí áàéäëûã ìýäýæ àâàõûí òóëä õ¿ñýëò ãàðãàã÷òàé ÿðèëöëàãà õèéõ
• Õ¿ñýëò ãàðãàã÷èéí àæèëèéí òóðøëàãà áîëîí çàí áàéäëûí òîäîðõîéëòûã ãàðãàõ
Ñîíèðõîæ áóé õ¿ì¿¿ñ äàðààõ ìàòåðèàëûã á¿ðä¿¿ëíý
• Àíãëè õýë äýýð cover letter
• Àíãëè õýë äýýð CV
• Àíêåò áºãëºõ
• Äèïëîì áà ñåðòèôåêàòûí õóóëáàð (íîòåðèàòààð áàòàëãààæóóëñàí)
• Èðãýíèé õóóëáàð áîëîí æîëîîíû ¿íýìëýõíèé õóóëáàð (íîòåðèàòààð áàòàëãààæóóëñàí)
• Íèéãìèéí áîëîí ýð¿¿ë ìýíäèéí äààòãàëûí äýâòýðèéí õóóëáàð (íîòåðèàòààð áàòàëãààæóóëñàí)
• Çàí áàéäëûí òîäîõîéëñîí çàõèà
Äàðààõ õàÿãèéí äàãóó 2010 îíû 8 äóãààð ñàðûí 30íû 17:30 ìèíóòààñ ºìíº àâ÷èð÷ ºãíº ¿¿.
Ìîíãîë óëñ, Óëààíáààòàð-13381,
Çàëóó÷óóäûí ºðãºí ÷ºëºº, Áàÿíç¿ðõ ä¿¿ðýã,
Ѻ¿ë áèçíåñ ñåíòåð, 6 äóãààð äàâõàð
Óòàñ:976-11-331880
Ôàêñ:976-11-331885

New words

Maintain – ñàõèõ, áàðèõ, ¿ðãýëæë¿¿ëýõ, òàñëàõã¿é áàéõ
Load – à÷àà, à÷ààëàõ
Enable – õèéõ áîëîìæ îëãîõ, áîëîëöîî, ýðõ îëãîõ
Failure – óíàëò, ãà÷èãäàë, õîìñäîë
Boost – ò¿ëõýö ºãºõ,äýìæèõ,ºñãºõ, ñàéæðóóëàõ
Congested – à÷ààëàë õýòýðñýí , Ẻãíºðñºí
Circuit – ñõåì, õýëõýý, ñóâàã
Sufficient – ýëáýã, õ¿ðýëöýõ¿éö õàíãàëòòàé
Take on – õóâèðàõ, ººð÷ëºãäºõ
Reserve – íººöëºõ, õàäãàëàõ
Optimum – õàìãèéí òààòàé, îíîâ÷òîé, òîõèðîìæòîé
Periodically – òîãòìîë, õýâèéí
Impose – îíîîõ, íîîãäóóëàõ, òîõîõ
Hop – øèëæèëò, àëõàì
Span – õîëáîõ, õîëèõ
Unsuitable – òîõèðîìæã¿é, òààðàìæã¿é
Merely – çºâõºí, åð人
Propagate - òàðõàõ
Advertize – ñóðòàë÷ëàõ, çàðëàõ, ìýäýãäýõ
Exceed – õýòðýõ, õýòð¿¿ëýõ, äàâóó áàéõ, èë¿¿ áàéõ, äàâàìãàéëàõ
Set – òààðóóëàõ, òîõèðóóëàõ, òîãòîîõ, áàéðëóóëàõ, äýâø¿¿ëýõ
Refer – çààâàð ºãºõ, õàíäóóëàõ, èëãýýõ, ÿâóóëàõ, õàìààðàõ,
Remote – àëñëàãäñàí, õîëûí, áàãà, àëñûí óäèðäëàãàòàé
Assume – áîäîõ, ãàðòàà àâàõ, õ¿ëýýæ àâàõ
Invalid – õ¿÷èíã¿é, ¿íýí áóñ
Furthermore – òýãýýä ÷, ò¿¿íýýñ ãàäíà, ò¿¿ãýýð áàðàõã¿é
Favorable – çºâøººðºãäñºí, çîõèñòîé
Backbone – ãîë øóãàì, ãîë êàáåë, òóëãóóð ñ¿ëæýý
Partition – ñàëãàõ, ÿëãàõ, òóñãààðëàõ, õóâààõ, á¿ëýãëýõ
Reliability – íàéäâàðòàé áàéäàë, çºâ, áàò, áºõ
Accordingly – ¸ñ÷ëîí, èéìýýñ, òèéí ó÷èð
Convergence – õàðèëöàí èæèëñýõ, õàðèëöàí íýâòðýõ
Border – çàõ, õÿçãààð õèë
Complexity – íàðèéí òºâºãòýé áàéäàë
Adjust – òîõèðóóëàõ, òààðóóëàõ, ýìõëýõ, øèéäâýðëýõ, íèéë¿¿ëýõ, çàñàõ
Alive – áîäèò, àæèëëàæ áóé
Simplify – àìàðõàí áîëãîõ, õÿëáàð áîëãîõ, õÿëáàð÷ëàõ, àìàð áîëãîõ
Default – àíõíû òîõèðóóäàãäñàí áàéäàë, ¿¿ðýãò áóñ, ãîðèìûí áóñ, òàòãàëçàë
Simultaneous – íýãýí çýðýã, ïàðàëëåë, çýðýãöñýí
Correspond – õàðãàëçàõ, íèéöýõ, ä¿éöýõ, õàðèëöàõ, çîõèöîõ, òîõèðîõ
Entire – á¿õýë á¿òýí, á¿ðýí ä¿¿ðýí
Indicate – òàíèõ, çààõ, èëýðõèéëýõ, ìýäýýëýõ, òýìäýãëýõ, ¿ç¿¿ëýõ, øèíæ èëðýõ
Throughput – îðîëò
Confine – äàâ÷óó
Configure – ýìõëýõ, òîõèðóóëàõ
Flow – óðñãàë
Enterprise – àæèë ¿éëñ, áàéãóóëëàãà, ñàíàà÷ëàãà, êîìïàíè
Assign – òîìèëîõ, øèëæ¿¿ëýõ, äàìæóóëàõ, õóâààðèëàõ
Path – çàì, ñóâàã, øóãàì
Subnet – äýä ñ¿ëæýý
Capability – íýâòð¿¿ëýõ ÷àäâàð
Robustness – ñèñòåìèéí íàéäâàðòàé, òîãòâîðòîé áàéäàë
Achieve – îëîõ, õ¿ðýõ, ã¿éöýòãýõ, áèåë¿¿ëýõ
Delay – ñààòàë, õ¿ëýýëò
Daunting – ç¿ðõ àëäàì
Reflector- òóñãàõ òîëü, îéëãîã÷
Classless – àíãèëàëã¿é
Octet – îêòåò, íàéìò
Portion – õýñýã, õóâü, çàíãèëàà
Massive – èõ, òîì, àãóó, íèéò
Excessive – õýòýðõèé, õýò èõ, èë¿¿
Handle – áîëîâñðóóëàõ, ã¿éöýòãýõ, óäèðäàõ
Peer – ñ¿ëæýýíèé òýãø ýðõòýé îðîëöîã÷
Evaluate - ¿íýëýõ, òîîöîõ, öýãöëýõ
Policy - áîäëîãî
Constraint – õÿçãààðëàëò, õÿçãààðëàõ íºõöºë, øàõàëò øààðäëàãà
Attribute – îíöëîã, ¿ç¿¿ëýëò, ãîë øèíæ, îíöëîã øèíæ
Decline – õàçàéõ , õýëáèéõ, çîãñîõ, ñààðàõ, áàãàñàõ, äîîøëîõ, áóóðàõ
Buffer – çàâñðûí îé, ò¿ð ñàíàõ îé
Dedicated – áàéíãûí õîëáîëòòîé, çîðèóëàãäñàí, çîðèóëàëòûí
Gap – èíòåðâàë, çàâñàð, ñàðíèóëàã÷,
Fill in – îðëîõ, íºãöººõ, áºãëºõ, ìýäýýëýë ºãºõ
Coverage – õàìðàõ õ¿ðýý, õàíãàëò, áàòàëãàà
Traverse – õºíäëºí øóãàì, ñààä, áàðòàà, íýâòëýõ
Encapsulate –áàçàæ õýëýõ, áàãòààõ
Originate - ¿¿ñýõ, ãàðàõ
Negotiate – õýëýëöýõ, òîõèðîëöîõ
Session – ñ¿ëæýýíèé õîëáîëò
Hardened - õàòóóðàõ
Outgoing – íèéòýö, íèéöòýé
Strip – çóðâàñ, ñóóäàë
Look up – äýýðäýõ, ñàéæðàõ,äýýøëýõ
Appropriate – òîõèðîìæòîé, òààðñàí, íèéöñýí
Binding – õàâòàñ, çààâàë äàãàæ áèåë¿¿ëýõ
Entry - îðîëò
Port – ïîðò, ïîðòâåéí
Current – óðñãàë, ÿâö
Facility – òºõººðºìæ, áàéãóóëàìæ
Ingress – íýâòðýëò, íýâ÷èëò
Egress – ãàðö, ãàðàõ, ãàðàõ ýðõ
Extent – ñóíãàõ, ºðãºòãºõ, õ¿ðãýõ
jitter - ÷è÷èðãýý

Reading Methods

1. Read and understand title of text
2. Scan the text
3. Find main words
4. If I don’t understand I need translate
5. And I find a new word from dictionary
6. so I will understand it
7. if it is interesting I read a full
8. if it boring I close the book
9. I try to find a knowledge
10.think about learned thing from a this book
11. write a abstract
12. I must read it to remember when I forget this book
13. finally I put my book in my library

Translation methods

1. First i read the material.
2. I get content of title.
3. Search and highlight new words
4. Translate new words
5. Translate the text through each sentences
6. Read the translated text
7. Find key word and highlight keyword
8. Find out main point of th text
9. Edit the translated text
10.Read the text again
11.Check mistakes
12.If find mistakes, correct it
13.Finally configure the material

Abstract

IP network
IP protocol is first level of Intenet network protocol and Addressing protocol of IP network. Packet address is fixed by IP protocol among this address define the principle. How the resource transmites the datas partly over network.
Routers have two independent functions: control and forwarding. Router maintain tables to choose the optimum route for packet forwarding. If the destination is reachable from a directly attached active link, the router will use that route. If a link fails or becomes congested, the routers communicate among themselves to update their tables. Routing protocols classified as interior and external protocols. Interior gateway protocols are optimized for operation within a single autonomous system. Border gateway protocol enable border routers located at the edge of the domains they serve to exchange routing information. BGP’s purpose is to manage the flow of transit traffic.
Multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) , an encapsulation protocol for tunneling through an IP network, is a service-enabling technology that is becoming the connerstone of VPN strategy for the major carriers.
MPLS, Virtual Private Network features enable multiple custumor sites interconnect across the service provider’s IP network with the characteristics of a private network.
The statistics that most carriers quote for their IP SLAs are specified within the network cores. Carriers typically quote percent availability, latency, and packet loss for city pairs.

IP Networks

From the standpoint of carriers and user organizations alike, frame relay has
been an enormously successful service. It is simple to set up, easy to understand,
and provides statistics that network managers can use to assess performance and
optimize CIRs and access circuit bandwidth. Frame relay has been so successful,
in fact, that carriers are having a difficult time persuading their customers to
migrate to the next step in evolution, which is an all-IP network. Some reticence is
over security concerns. Frame relay traffic is internal to the service provider’s network
so packets do not flow over insecure paths. Most customers trust frame relay
carrier’s networks to the point of sending unencrypted data between their endpoints,
but not so with IP.
Despite security concerns, IP networks have two major selling points that
give them an edge over frame relay. A single access circuit can be used for both
Internet and the enterprise’s private network, and sites can be meshed without the
need to define PVCs. Intersite connectivity is a major advantage for enterprises
that have considerable internal traffic and intend to deploy VoIP or IP video. With
frame relay the alternative to configuring multiple PVCs is to hub all traffic on the
central site and route it back out to the destination. This increases traffic in the
access circuit and increases latency and the complexity of traffic engineering.
On the surface, an IP network appears to be ideal for carrying voice and
video traffic. Carriers provide Web portals that display their performance metrics,
which are similar to frame relay and well within the bounds needed for isochronous
traffic. As we discuss in this chapter, however, these metrics are usually
based on monthly averages and do not include access circuits. IP metrics are edge
to edge, not end to end, and the access circuit is where the choke points arise.
Putting all traffic in one access pipe lets the customer use the bandwidth flexibly,
but it is difficult to achieve a balance between end-to-end service quality and
access circuit utilization.
If an IP network is to be effective for isochronous traffic, the originating network
must classify the traffic and the carrier must prioritize and route it accordingly.
The larger carriers use MPLS in their backbone to support differentiated
traffic classes and to keep traffic from different users separated. An important difference
between an IP network and frame relay or ATM lies in the carriers’ difficulty
of providing a guaranteed end-to-end QoS on IP. Any ISP can accept and carry IP
traffic, and within its domain it can configure its routers to provide QoS for its core,
but when traffic crosses into other domains assurance of service quality is lost.
MPLS standards as currently defined operate within a domain, which means
QoS cannot be provided across domains unless the service provider has negotiated
agreements with other carriers or has a footprint large enough to serve all the
endpoints on the enterprise network. The second difficulty is in the access circuit.
Few enterprise networks implement MPLS and the protocol does not define a
UNI. Standards activity is under way to correct this problem, but it will be some
years before it is complete.
QoS provisions do not pertain to most data traffic, so for data the main difference
between IP and frame relay lies in security. IP networks can be used for
transporting information that is not crucial to the organization; in fact, enormous
amounts of unsecured information daily flows from corporate Web pages or
attached to e-mail messages. IP networks cannot be trusted with sensitive information,
however, so sessions must be secured by tunneling through the network
with VPNs as discussed in Chapter 31. In this chapter, we enlarge on these with a
discussion of MPLS VPNs, which have some interesting characteristics compared
to VPNs running over native IP.
This chapter begins with a discussion of routing. In Chapter 6, we looked
briefly at how routers and routing tables function. In this chapter, we will inspect
routing protocols in more depth as a guide to understanding how IP networks
function, with particular emphasis on how they achieve QoS. This is followed by
a more detailed discussion of MPLS than the overview in Chapter 13. The chapter
closes with an “Applications” section that provides information for selecting IP
services and negotiating SLAs.
IP NETWORK ROUTING
Routers have two independent functions: control and forwarding. The control
function inspects incoming packets, examines their headers, and consults routing
tables to determine which output link to forward the packet over. Routers do not
have a complete view of the path packets take from source to destination; they
only know how to reach the next router. If the path is congested and the router’s
buffers are full, it discards packets and the customer arranges for retransmission.
Best-effort packet delivery is adequate and efficient for data, but it is unsatisfactory
for isochronous applications. Since routing algorithms are based on packets
taking the shortest path, UDP/IP cannot guarantee standards of reliability,
packet loss, and delay. Voice can tolerate these irregularities within limits, and if
the bandwidth is sufficient, the grade of service may be acceptable, but video quality
drops noticeably with more than about 0.1 percent packet loss. To run these
applications over a routed network, IP must take on some of the characteristics of
a circuit-switched network with its reserved bandwidth and controlled delay.
Routers maintain tables to choose the optimum route for packet forwarding.
Routing tables in simple networks are static and manually written into the router.
Dynamic routing tables are updated periodically from messages transmitted
across the network. This process of updating routing tables imposes a load on the
network, but it has the advantage of enabling the routers to respond automatically
to changing conditions such as a link failure, whereas static tables remain
unchanged until they are manually updated.
Complex networks require dynamic routing protocols. If the destination
is reachable from a directly attached active link, the router will use that route.
Otherwise, it hands the packet off to a neighbor to boost it to the next hop. If a link
fails or becomes congested, the routers communicate among themselves to update
their tables. Routing protocols are classified as interior if they are capable of reaching
destinations within a domain or autonomous system (AS). If they can span
ASs, they are classified as external protocols. We will look briefly at the operation
of the most common algorithms in these two categories.
Interior Gateway Protocols
IGPs, also known as intradomain routing protocols, are optimized for operation
within a single AS. The most common interior protocols found on enterprise networks
are RIP (Routing Information Protocol), OSPF (Open Shortest Path First),
and IS–IS. RIP is the oldest routing protocol and the simplest, but it has limitations
that make it unsuitable for complex networks. Routing protocols typically support
only one layer 3 protocol at a time. As a result, if a network is running both IP and
IPX, for example, multiple routers are required. Cisco supports a proprietary protocol,
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) to allow the network
to run multiple protocols at the same time.
Routing Information Protocol
RIP uses a distance-vector algorithm that selects a route based on the number of
hops to a destination network or host. If the link serving the destination is directly
attached to a router, the hop count is 0 and that would be the preferred route.
If the destination is attached to a neighboring router, the hop count is 1, and so on.
RIP propagates route information by broadcasting table updates to its neighbors
at 1-min intervals. Aroute table for a new router can be generated by merely entering
the IP addresses of its directly connected networks. The routers on the network
exchange routing tables until they learn the topology and number of hops
to the other routers. RIP has a limit of 15 hops. If the hop count over a particular
route exceeds that, the destination is unreachable over that route. The protocol
uses the hop count factor to advertize directly attached routes as unreachable. For
example, if a route is silent for 180 s, the routers assume it has failed and set their
hop counts to 16, which marks the route as invalid.
Refer to Figure 36-1, which is an enterprise network model consisting of
three sites connected by frame relay, with the PSTN as a dial-backup alternative.
Router 1 would advertize its four routes, the two Ethernets and ISPs A and B, to
the other routers. For either of the two remote sites served by routers 3 and 4 to
reach the server, the route would be across frame relay, through router 2, and
across the Ethernet link to router 1. The 15-hop limit is fine for small networks of
10 or so subnets, but insufficient for more complex ones. Furthermore, hop count
is insufficient to optimize complex networks. For example, router 1 has two routes
to reach ISP B: direct and through router 2. Since the hop count is lowest over
the direct link that would be the primary route despite the possibility that it might
be more congested or have bandwidth limitations that make the two-hop route
through router 2 more favorable. For that and other reasons, more complex
networks use the OSPF protocol.
Open Shortest Path First
A major shortcoming of RIP, besides its limited hop count, is its inability to route
based on any variable other than the number of hops. Consequently, it sends traffic
to the preferred route without knowing whether another route is less congested.
OSPF is a link-state protocol that uses a cost-vector algorithm to determine the optimum
route. OSPF is capable of operating in a hierarchical network with the lowest
level, known as an area, which links to other areas through a backbone. The topology
within an area is invisible to other areas. Each area has at least one border router
to reach the backbone. An area that has only one border router is known as a stub area.
This partitioning of the domain reduces table complexity and reduces the
amount of traffic between areas. Routers maintain databases of the entire area,
including other routers on the networks and the cost of each router’s connections.
Instead of flooding the network with table updates as RIP does, routers exchange
information about the domain only with their neighbors. During normal operations
the routers exchange short hello messages to indicate that they are alive.
When an event such as a link failure occurs, they exchange a series of link-stateadvertisement messages to inform one another what happened and the routers
adjust their tables accordingly. Table reconvergence may take several minutes.
OSPF’s cost algorithm takes into account the total cost, including speed and
quality variables, for all outbound interfaces. In Figure 36-1, the three main
routers have dial-backup interfaces, which would be rated at higher cost than the
frame relay interfaces and therefore used only in case of frame relay failure. If the
DLCI between router 2 and router 3 is lost, but the link to router 4 is still available,
router 1 would send its router 3 traffic through router 4 since that link would be
less costly than the PSTN.
OSPF propagates reachability information to other routers, which enables
them to simplify their routing tables. OSPF routers can also be configured as both
internal and external. In addition, they can consider the ToS field in the IP header
in making routing decisions. The three bits corresponding to delay, throughput,
and reliability allow eight priority combinations. If the router has priority routes,
it can base routing calculations on ToS and forward packets accordingly.
Integrated IS–IS
IS–IS is an ISO link-state protocol that was originally developed to support
Connectionless Network Layer Protocol (CNLP), which is ISO’s layer 3 datagram
protocol. Integrated IS–IS has been adapted to support IP routing in addition to
CNLP. Routers can be configured to run either protocol or both simultaneously.
The integrated IS–IS algorithm is similar in operation to OSPF in topology and
operation, but with a different addressing method. CNLP uses a 20-octet addressing
method known as network service access point (NSAP). NSAP addresses
provide the flexibility for the worldwide address space of IPv6.
ISO terminology is somewhat different from TCP/IP, but network devices
have the same function. User devices, usually called hosts in Internet terms, are
known as end systems (ESs) and a router is called an intermediate system (IS) in
ISO terminology. IS–IS has two hierarchical levels. Routers are organized into
level 1 groups called areas and areas are grouped into domains, which are linked
with a backbone. L1 routers have information only about their own area plus a
default route to the nearest L1–L2 router. L1 routers forward all traffic outside
their area to an L2 router. L2 routers know the L2 topology and retain information
about routes to L1 destinations, but do not know the L1 topology. A router can
CHAPTER 36 IP Networks 637
operate in either or both levels, i.e. it can perform inter-area or intra-area routing.
OSI routing is divided into three parts:
_ Routing exchanges between ESs and routers (ES-IS)
_ Routing exchanges between routers in the same domain (intradomain IS–IS)
_ Routing exchanges among domains (interdomain IS–IS)
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
Exterior routing protocols enable border routers located at the edge of the
domains they serve to exchange routing information. Much Internet traffic is confined
within an AS. This traffic is referred to as local traffic, with traffic between
ASs called transit traffic. BGP’s purpose is to manage the flow of transit traffic.
BGP can carry local traffic within an AS, but between ASs, such as between ISPs
and between domains in large enterprise networks, BGP is required. Routers that
communicate with BGP are known as BGP speakers. An AS can contain as many
BGP speakers as necessary for connectivity to neighboring ASs. BGP comes in two
versions. Internal BGP is used for routing exchanges between routers that are part
of the same AS. External BGP is used between ASs as shown in Figure 36-2.
In a BGP network, ASs are assigned group numbers. Tables in each router
contain its neighbors’ IP addresses and group numbers. Route selection is based on
the shortest path within the AS. If neighboring routers have the same group
number, they are part of the same AS, so subnets within that system can be reached
through either path. This multiple path capability gives BGP networks their robustness.
BGP speakers do not load balance; they are configured to select the best route.
Load balancing can be achieved by influencing the path selection based on available
bandwidth and knowledge of the link metrics such as bandwidth and delay.
BGP routing tables can contain more than 90,000 routes, which is a daunting
management job. To simplify the process, large ASs often use a route reflector,
which is a router that is set up to send table updates to all routers within the AS.
BGP uses classless interdomain routing (CIDR) to reduce routing table size. CIDR
adds a masking block to the four-octet IP address to indicate the number of bits
used for the network portion of the address. This enables routers to combine
routes and simplify the table. When a router is first connected to the network, it
exchanges the entire routing table with its neighbors over a TCP connection.
Broadcasting massive table updates would consume an excessive amount of network
capacity. Instead, when table changes occur, BGP routers send only the
changed information to their neighbors. Through this exchange, each router maintains
the current routing tables of its peers.
A BGP speaker is configured to evaluate different paths, select the best one,
apply policy constraints, and advertise the routes to its neighbors. The administrator
uses routing parameters called attributes to define routing policies. Policies
are not contained in the protocol, but are controlled by the router configuration.
For example, if one AS declines to carry transit traffic for another AS, it can block
such traffic by advertising only routes that are internal to the AS. BGP can be configured
to choose routes based on quality variables such as bandwidth, capacity,
link dynamics, cost, and other such metrics.
Routing in an Internet
Internet complexity varies from a singe-domain AS in a corporate network up to
and including the public Internet. Within the Internet, which consists of a large
number of ASs, BGP is used between domains. Large enterprise networks also use
BGP, but its complexity is overkill for smaller networks. The simplest networks
use static routing tables or sometimes RIP to eliminate the need of manually
changing tables if something happens to a link. The point is reached, however,
where RIPwill not support the applications. Aprime example of this is when VoIP
is employed and the network has link alternatives that must be selected on the
basis of ToS bits.
The routing protocols we have just discussed are incapable of guaranteeing
QoS connections through the network unless they are under unified control, and
then only with limitations. For example, when routers reconverge, they may drop
packets or delay them beyond the limits jitter buffers can contain. With a network
such as the public Internet, transit traffic is handled by the routing decisions
of multiple independent administrators. Those administrators are under no
compulsion to consider QoS in making their routing decisions, and may not have
equipment capable of supporting QoS. Therefore, connection quality within the
Internet as it is presently constructed cannot be guaranteed.
IP service providers can support QoS within the bounds of their private networks.
If the carrier is large enough, one provider may be capable of serving all
of the requirements of an enterprise network; if not, the network manager can
choose to use dedicated backhaul access links into that carrier’s IP network.
Carriers can also negotiate private agreements with other IP providers to fill in
their coverage gaps. Even so, UDP/IP is incapable of supporting guaranteed
SLAs. As packets traverse the network, each router inspects the address header
and selects the next hop based on its routing algorithm. In Chapter 35, we discussed
how LANE and MPOA can simplify the routing and forwarding process
by analyzing packet flows and choosing a shortcut through an ATM network.
These protocols still leave gaps in the quality equation. Most carriers are relying
on MPLS to enable them to provide guaranteed SLAs in their IP networks.
MULTIPROTOCOL LABEL SWITCHING (MPLS)
MPLS, an encapsulation protocol for tunneling through an IP network, is a serviceenabling
technology that is becoming the cornerstone of VPN strategy for the
major carriers. MPLS maps IP addresses to simple fixed-length labels, which are
numbers that identify a data flow. A sequence of labels and links is called a labelswitched
path (LSP), also known as an MPLS tunnel. The LSP setup is unidirectional.
Return traffic for the same session takes a different LSP. MPLS supports a variety
of QoS functions including bandwidth reservation, prioritization, traffic engineering,
traffic shaping, and traffic policing on almost any type of interface. These characteristics
make MPLS superior to LANE and MPOA for use in a hardened VPN.
MPLS routing is greatly simplified because it happens only once at the edge
of the network in the label edge router (LER). The LER attaches a label to each
packet at the originating end. Instead of reading the entire header, routers read the
label and route the call along a path that the label defines. When a packet enters
the network it is assigned to a particular forwarding equivalence class (FEC), which
is a group of packets to the same address that share the same QoS requirements.
More than one FEC can be mapped to a single LSP. The routers internal to the network,
known as label switched routers (LSRs), do not need to analyze the network
layer of the packet. Once an edge router labels the packet, the rest of its journey is
based on label switching. Each LSR examines the incoming label, uses it as an
index in its label information base (LIB) to determine the next hop, and sends it to
an outgoing interface with a new label. Label switching is done in hardware,
which makes it much faster than routing. At the destination end of the network,
an egress LER strips the label and sends the packet to the destination endpoint.
Figure 36-3 shows how label switching works. Ingress router 1 receives packets
from Host A, determines the FEC for each packet, and from that determines the
LSP. The LER adds the label to the packet and forwards it on the interface for that
LSP, which happens to be the same for both. LSR 2 checks the incoming interface
and label value, looks up the outgoing interface and label in the LIB, and forwards
the packet to the next hop. The egress LERs strip the labels from the packets and
forward them using the appropriate routing protocol, usually IP.
The labels themselves are flexible in content and depend on the layer 2 technology.
In the case of ATM, the label could be a VPI/VCI or in frame relay the
DLCI. The label could also correspond to a TDM time slot, a DWDM lambda, or
the designation of a particular fiber if MPLS is applied directly to those media. For
Ethernet and PPP, the label is added to the frame as a “shim” header that is placed
between the layer 2 and layer 3 headers. When an LSR receives a label, its bindings
create entries in the LIB. The contents of the LIB contain the mapping
between the label and an FEC—that is the mapping between the input port and
input label to the output port and label. These entries remain fixed until the label
bindings are renegotiated. If LSPs are parallel, they can be routed together
through a higher level LSP tunnel. The process of putting multiple labels on a
packet is called label stacking.
Label Distribution
Labels are distributed through the network by several methods. Label Distribution
Protocol (LDP) is an IETF recommendation that uses TCP/IP to distribute the
labels by sending control messages over the link that will carry the data. The label
can also be embedded in the contents of RSVP and in BGPmessages. The labels are
either set up before transmission begins, or they are established when a certain
flow of data is detected. Labels are bound to an FEC as a result of a policy or an
event that indicates the label should belong to that FEC.
Acollection of MPLS-enabled devices is known as an MPLS domain. Within a
domain, LSPs are set up for packets to travel based on FEC. This is either done hop
by hop, in which case each LSR selects the next hop for a given FEC, or it is done
by explicit routing in which the ingress LSR specifies the nodes. Explicit routes
enable the service provider to set up the LSPs over a facility that is engineered and
monitored to support the required QoS. Explicit routing allows the carrier to provide
service within constraints such as bandwidth and delay.
MPLS Traffic Engineering
Traffic engineering in MPLS terms means the ability to vector traffic over a specific
link. Large ISPs route data across the network based on a top-down view of
network conditions and current and projected traffic flow. Traffic flow may be
manually controlled or driven by an automated process similar to the policy
process we discussed in Chapter 31. Traffic engineering enables the service
provider to distribute the load over the appropriate network links while reserving
bandwidth for particular classes of traffic.
MPLS has many advantages over ordinary routing, which often leaves some
links congested and others underutilized, particularly while the routers update
their tables. MPLS uses constraint-based routing, which takes into account such
variables as bandwidth, delay, hop count, and QoS requirements. One alternative,
which we discussed in the last chapter, is to run IP over ATM networks and let
ATM provide the QoS. Although this works well, it is complex to set up and manage
compared to using MPLS directly on the underlying physical facility such as
a lambda. When an LSP is set up under traffic engineering constraints it is known
as a traffic-engineered LSP.
Constraint-based Routed Label Distribution Protocol (CR-LDP) is a modification
of LDP that allows the label to be distributed over an explicit route that has
the required capabilities. Explicit routes can also be set up by using an extension
to RSVP. CR-LDP distributes the label requests over TCP; RSVP uses UDP.
The setup process is similar for both. A setup request is sent end to end from the
ingress to the egress nodes and the response confirms the route and reservation.
Cell-Switched MPLS
In RFC 3035 the IETF defines procedures for enabling ATM switches to operate as
LSRs. In this mode, ATM switches use IP addressing and run layer 3 protocols
such as OSPF or IS–IS to determine routes and distribute labels over the cell-based
infrastructure. No ATM-specific addressing or routing is required with this mode.
642 PART 5 Telecommunications Networks
When ATM switches receive labeled packets, which are identified by the contents
of the VCI and VPI fields, they segment them into cells and forward them across
the appropriate interface. Effectively, the LERs are using ATM as the path between
them, and the ATM switches function as routers.
The MPLS protocol operates on only a single domain. The protocol does not
provide for an NNI and does not support interoperation between carriers to
provide functions such as billing, failure notification, and network management.
Such carrier interoperation is handled with private agreements.
MPLS VPNS
MPLS’s VPN features enable multiple customer sites to interconnect across the
service provider’s IP network with the characteristics of a private network. Three
major MPLS-based VPN architectures are in use:
_ Layer 3 VPNs, which offer multipoint any-to-any service. These are also
known as BGP/MPLS VPNs or RFC 2547bis.
_ Layer 2 point-to-point VPNs.
_ Virtual private LAN service, which offers multipoint any-to-any service
for Ethernet endpoints.
MPLS VPNs use connectionless architecture, enabling the service provider
to offer a range of value-added services such as Internet access, Web hosting, and
Inter- and Intranet operations. Each customer site connects to an LER that maintains
tables of VPN routes and services for authorized subscribers. The subscriber’s
routers do not need to support MPLS; they communicate with the LER
using IP. This makes for simplified setup because the customer only needs to connect
from the office router to the provider’s edge router. The LER receives packets
from the customer on a known interface that is identified by its VPN label. Inside
the carrier’s network, packets from multiple customers are mixed, but they can be
delivered only to egress points that are defined as part of the VPN. Subscribers
can use unregistered private addresses. NAT is required only if two VPNs with
overlapping addresses need to communicate. Figure 36-4 shows two VPNs implemented
across the carrier’s IP backbone. Note that VPN 1 has both a private and
public network connection between sites 1 and 2.
VPN membership is defined by a table in the LER that is known as a VPN
routing/forwarding table (VPF). The VPF contains the IP routing table, the interfaces
that use the table, and the rules for routing within the VPN. A site can belong to
multiple VPNs. All of the information pertaining to those VPNs is contained in
the VRF.
Most MPLS-based VPNs are implemented within a single service provider.
Currently, multiprovider provisioning, billing, and fault detection are based on
private agreements. Although services are end to end, MPLS functions that are
available in the core do not extend to the access network.
IP NETWORK APPLICATION ISSUES
The statistics that most carriers quote for their IP SLAs are specified within the
network cores. Carriers typically quote percent availability, latency, and packet
loss for city pairs. The quoted figures are generally within the requirements for
VoIP, but they must be used with caution. First, they do not include the access
circuits and second, they are based on averages.
Averages for most carriers are quoted 24 7 for a billing month. These metrics
are adequate for data, but not for voice and video. Considering the fact that
packets are most likely to be lost during congestion and the network is most apt
to be congested during working hours, averages are insufficient for assessing
quality for voice and video. If an IP network is to be used for real-time traffic,
the application or customer test equipment should monitor key variables such as
packet loss and jitter and fail over to the PSTN if necessary.
In the access circuit, the greatest efficiency is obtained by multiplexing various
types of applications on the same circuit. Voice and video, with their short
packet lengths and predictable characteristics, are not difficult to evaluate. When
their contribution to the total load is known, the bandwidth available for data is
easy to calculate. Circuit utilization must also be considered carefully. If utilization
is too high, data packets, which have much larger packet sizes than voice and
video, can delay time-sensitive packets outside the range of jitter buffers. Even
though QoS variables may be within limits in the carrier backbone, degradation
may occur in the access circuit.
Carrier Performance Metrics
Most carriers quote their performance metrics based on the criteria discussed in
this section. The carrier typically uses active probes to measure network performance.
The average is updated with new measurements at carrier-determined intervals.
Measurements are typically made from edge to edge of the backbone. Not all
carriers quote all of the metrics listed below. For example, some of the larger
carriers do not include jitter.
_ Latency: Latency or delay is the round-trip transmission time measured
in milliseconds for a data packet to travel between two endpoints. It is
affected by propagation delay, circuit bandwidth, and the forwarding
rate of routers in the network. The carrier’s SLA may quote one-way
latency.
_ Packet loss: This metric is defined as the percentage of packets lost in a
transmission. It occurs primarily because router buffers overflow and
packets are dropped because of lack of buffer space.
_ Backbone availability: Availability is the percentage of time that the
backbone is available to route packets. It is quoted as percentage of time
the backbone is available on a 24 7 basis.
_ Mean time to repair: This is the average time from the subscriber’s report
of failure until the service is restored.
_ Jitter: This is the variation in packet arrival time expressed in milliseconds.
Evaluation Issues
The following questions should be explored in evaluating the carrier’s quoted
SLAs.
_ Does the carrier provide real-time performance monitoring?
_ Does the carrier provide Web-based real-time access to network metrics?
_ Does the service run on a network separate from the carrier’s Internet
backbone?
_ Are metrics calculated on a per-customer basis or for the network as a
whole?
_ What credits does the carrier offer for failure to meet its SLAs?
CHAPTER 36 IP Networks 645
_ Does the carrier interconnect its MPLS backbone with another carrier’s
network? Is the connection totally seamless or are some functions lost
across the connection?
_ Does the carrier support running multiple applications with different
priorities and different QoS parameters across the same MPLS
connection?
Ancillary Services
Most of the major carriers offer managed network services in which they handle
router and firewall configuration for the customer’s sites. The carrier may assume
end-to-end responsibility for VPN configuration, either network based or CPE
based. The advantage of network-based service is that the customer site can be a
member of the VPN without any CPE. The following are some issues to consider:
_ Does the carrier offer end-to-end managed services? For all sites?
_ Does the carrier offer managed firewalling and intrusion detection?
_ Does the carrier offer IP address management?
_ Does the carrier offer secure remote access?
_ Is IP multicast service available?
_ Is dial access into the network available for remote users? What is the
cost and what sites are available?
_ Can the customer perform configuration, SLAmonitoring, and report
and review trouble tickets on the carrier’s Web page?
_ Does the carrier support dial-backup service?
Classes of Service
Amajor reason for using MPLS as opposed to IPSec VPN is the ability of MPLS to
support different classes of service. The following issues should be explored:
_ What classes of service does the carrier offer?
_ Does the carrier charge different rates for different service classes?
_ Does the carrier offer class of service across the network core or rely on
overprovisioning the core to meet its SLA metrics?
_ How is class-of-service pricing administered? Does the carrier set a
ceiling on the percentage of time-sensitive packets? What happens when
the ceiling is exceeded?
_ Can the customer run multiple applications at different priorities with
different QoS associated with each priority across the same MPLS
connection?

Reference letter

I have known Gantsetseg Enkhjargal for the past two years, having served as both her English teacher on the University of information and communication . I believe Beth would be a good worker at Mobicom cooperation.
While a student at the University of information and communication , Gantsetseg has always challenged herself academically. She is an active participant in class discussions, and grasps material quickly. She has good written and verbal skills that are a pleasure for any teacher to encounter. She also excels in extracurricular activities. She has ability organizational skills.
Gantsetseg would bring so much to your company. If you have any questions regarding Gantsetseg’s qualifications, please feel free to contact me at 555-5555 or abc@gmail.com

Sincerely,

Bayarmaa G
English Teacher and Department Chair
The university of information and communication

Cover letter

Gantsetseg Enkhjargal,
576, West 67 Street,
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 976,
99998888.
Date: 23th December, 2010.
Mr. Bayar Erdene,
Mobicom coperation,
257, Sukhbaatar district,
Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 98765432.
Dear Mr. Erdene,
I am enclosing my resume in hopes that your company may assist me in locating a position as Telecommunication Engineer. I am very much interested in obtaining this position with your company.
As you will see from my resume, I have completed my post graduation in Telecommunication Engineering from University of information and communication. I have strong background in the principles and practices, engineering design and construction. I believe that my energetic multitasking will be the asset to your company.
I look forward to meet you. I will call early next week to set up an appointment for an interview. I believe that I have qualifications to become an asset to your firm. Thanks for your time and consideration.
Sincerely,
Bayar Erdene.

Job Application Form
Instructions: Print clearly in black or blue ink. Answer all questions. Sign and date the form.
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
First Name __Gantsetseg___________________________
Last Name ___Enkhjargal__________________________
Street Address
__30b, 110, 4th microreregion, 15th region, Bayanzurkh district,
City, State, Zip Code
___UB, Mongolia, 976____________________________________________________
Phone Number
(__99998888_)___________________________________
Are you eligible to work in the Mongolia?
Yes ___+____ No_______
Have you been convicted of or pleaded no contest to a felony within the last five years?
Yes_______ No____+___
If yes, please explain: _________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
POSITION/AVAILABILITY:
Position Applied For
______Ulaanbaatar__________________________________
Days/Hours Available
Monday __+__
Tuesday ___+_
Wednesday __+__
Thursday __+__
Friday __+__
Saturday ____
Sunday ____
Hours Available: from ____9am___ to ___6pm___
What date are you available to start work?
______26.11.2010__________________________________
EDUCATION:
Name and Address Of School - Degree/Diploma - Graduation Date
New Mongolia high school___________06’-08’________________
University of information and communication(08’-12’) bachelor degree
__________________________________________________________
Skills and Qualifications: Licenses, Skills, Training, Awards
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
EMPLOYMENT HISTORY:
Present Or Last Position:
Employer: _____________________________________________________
Address:______________________________________________________
Supervisor: ____________________________________________________
Phone: _______________________________
Email: ________________________________
Position Title: _________________________
From: ______________ To: ______________
Responsibilities: ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Salary: _______________
Reason for Leaving: ____________________________________________
===========
Previous Position:
Employer: _____________________________________________________
Address:______________________________________________________
Supervisor: ____________________________________________________
Phone: _______________________________
Email: ________________________________
Position Title: _________________________
From: ______________ To: ______________
Responsibilities: ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Salary: _______________
Reason for Leaving: ____________________________________________
May We Contact Your Present Employer?
Yes _____ No _____
References:
Name/Title Address Phone
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
I certify that information contained in this application is true and complete. I understand that false information may be grounds for not hiring me or for immediate termination of employment at any point in the future if I am hired. I authorize the verification of any or all information listed above.
Signature__________E.Gantsetseg____________________
Date____________25.11.2010______________________

CV
Curriculum Vitae Example

CONTACT INFORMATION
Name: Gantsetseg Enkhjargal
Address: 30b, 110, 4th microreregion, 15th region, Bayanzurkh district, UB
Country: Mongolia
Telephone:
Cell Phone: 99998888
Email: ganaka_1991@yahoo.com

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Date of Birth: 29.04.1991
Place of Birth: Baruun-Urt, Sukhbaatar, Mongolia
Citizenship: Mongolia
Visa Status
Gender: Female

Additional Personal Information:
Optional
Marital Status: NO
Spouse's Name:
Children: NO

EMPLOYMENT HISTORY
List in chronological order, include position details and dates of employment
Work History

Academic Positions
Research and Training

EDUCATION
Include dates, majors, and details of degrees, training, and certification
High School: Shine Mongol high school
University: University of Information and communication technology
Graduate School
Post-Doctoral Training

PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
Certifications and Accreditations
Computer Skills:

AWARDS

PUBLICATIONS

BOOKS

PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPS

LANGUAGES
List languages and fluency English (intermediate)

INTERESTS reading and collecting books, watching TV

Windsurfing is relaxing and very interesting sport because you can spend funny time and keep fit. But it requires to be courageous and sense of balance. Equipments are board and wet-suit. There are more expensive. Also it is difficult to learning and risky sport.

Parachuting is thrilling sport and it requires to be courageous. But you may be risked. Parachute is its equipment that is more expensive. You must have good training and fit.

You should

By the 2050 Everything will have developed and changed. So you should study a lot of things. I think perhaps you should have a good education and save nature.

Next, you really ought to have a good education. Because the highly education will be demanded in society, including computer’s skill, speaking several languages etc. May be all of countries are opened and we will always travel other countries. So you should learn several languages. Also this education will be appraised by other people.

I strongly advise you to save our planet. Because if the envoriment is polluted, it may be extinction. Humans are part of nature and it is integrally. So we must save our world. The best thing you can do is to stop litter and plant more trees.

To have a highly education and save nature are important things in your future. Also you ought to be hardworking for your purposes.

Mini test 1

1c 2a 3b 4b 5c 6b 7b 8a 9a 10c
11a 12c 13b 14a 15 16b 17c 18a 19c 20a
21c 22b 23b 24b 25c 26a 27a 28c,b 29a 30b
31c 32b 33a 34a 35c 36a 37c 38b 39a 40a
41a 42c 43c 44b 45b 46b 47c 48a 49c 50b
51b 52a 53c 54b 55a 56c 57b 58c 59a 60a
61c 62a 63b 64a 65b 66a 67a 68c 69a 70b
71c 72b 73b 74c 75a 76c 77a 78b 79b 80b

Travelling

Dear Teacher

Hi! I'm on holiday in Mongolia. Now I'm in Dariganga,Sukhbaatar aimag. I'm travelling Huvsgul, Ulaanbaatar, and Sukhbaatar aimag. With beautiful countryside, fantastic culture and this holiday had everything.
The first place i stopped at was Huvsgul. This place famoused for Mongolian swe , 2nd pure lake of the world Huvsgul and Tsaatan. The culture is very wonderful. I liked pattern of Tsaatan's life. Here i enjoyed riding reindeers. One thing I'll never forget is the Huvsgul lake, which is very fresh and beautiful.
The next place was Ulaanbaatar. This city is capital of Mongolia which is exciting and a lot of famous attractions. I visited goverment house, museums of history,nature and Bogd haan. There are many amazing remains and findings. Findings of dinosaur were unforgettable, very very wonderful. You can see a whole UB city from Zaisan tolgoi for brave soldiers.
The last place I visited in Sukhbaatar aimag was Dariganga which is my hometown. Because of Altan-ovoo mountain ,Most people of Sukhbaatar aimag come here every year. It is our religion. I am spending funny and long time here. I swim in lake everyday. yesterday I went to Shiliin Bogd which is highest point of Sukhbaatar aimag and this place is energitec place.I proud of my hometown is fabulous place.
This holiday was fantastic. So I will never forget it. Mongolian culture is very wonderful. Next year I want to other famous place, for example Elsen tasarhai, Erdenezuu temple and ancient city Harhorin.

Кино

Reading a book - Unit 5

About myself

Dear Teacher
Hi.My name is Gantsetseg.Sukhbaatar is the aimag where i was born. I live with my family.I'm studying in university.
I'm mid-built and plump.I have got brown eyesand tanned square face.My straight black hair falls past my shoulders. I usually wear casual clothes. Sometimes I like wearing girly clothes.
I'm cooperative and caring person who have a lot of freinds and like helping and fending other people. I'm also ambitionous. I want to reach my purpose. On the other hand I tend to be stubborn and mean. Because i sometimes don't like giving anything other people.
I am not working , I like listening to music,useing NET and doing shopping. And I love reading book about interer and famous people. I like meeting my freinds when I am free and I want to spend a lot of time with my family. My favorite sport is basketball, but I can't it well.
I think we trying and working hard . It is the one way to good life. I hope i can realize my dreams.
I hope you can know myself. I wish you understand me very well.

The Pros and Cons of Using the Internet

The Pros and Cons of Using the Internet
1) Advertisements for the Internet promise you a world of information, entertainment, on-line shopping and e-mail services.Интернет нь дэлхийн мэдээлэл, зугаа цэнгэл, дэлгүүр болон e-mail-н үйлчилгээ, зар сурталчилгаа зэргийг бидэнд хүргэж байна.
Firstly, the real world of the Internet may not be as perfect as the advertisements suggest.Магадгүй интернет нь бодит амьдрал дээр төгс төгөлдөр зар сурталчилгааны зөвлөгч биш.
2) Using the Internet offers many advantages.Интернетийг хэрэглэхэд олон давуу талтай.
For example,all of the latest information is available to you, in your home, at any hour of the day or night.Жишээ нь, чамд хэрэгтэй бүх л мэдээллийг хүссэн цагтаа өөрийн гэртээ өдөр ч шөнө ч авч болно.
It is much faster and easier to surf the net in search of information from all over the world than to travel to Libraries in dozens of countries.Энэ нь их хурдан ба дэлхийн олон улсын номын сангаар хялбархан үйлчилүүлж байна.
Also,on-line shopping makes it possible to search through catalogues to find exactly what you want at the best price, saving both time and money.
Бас онлайн дэлгүүрүүдээр өөрийн хүссэн үнээрээ авч болно.Ингэснээр цаг болон мөнгө хэмнэнэ.
By joining a newsgroup or chat group, you can share your hobbies and special interests, and perhaps make friends all over the world.Мөн мэдээний хэсэг, харилцааны хэсэг, өөрийн хувийн блог ба онц сонирхолтой зүйлсд холбогдоно.
Finally, e-mail is popular because it is faster than sending a letter and cheaper than a telephone conversation.Эцэст нь e-mail нь түгээмэл зүйл болсон ба энгийн захиа явуулахаас ч хурдан бас утсаар ярьхаас хямд юм.
On the other hand, the Internet has several disadvantages.Нөгөө талаас Интернетэд өөр бусад сул тал их байдаг.
on the other hand, with so much information available, finding what you want can take you hours.Multimedia web pages with photographs, music and video are attractive,but they make downloading slow and boring.Мөн та цаг алдалгүй хэрэгтэй, үнэ цэнэтэй мэдээллийг олж чадна. Multimedia-н вэб хуудсанд зураг, дуу, бичлэг байдаг гэвч тэднийг татаж аваад үзэх үед их уйтгартай бас удаан байдаг.
what is more, there is too much advertising instead of real information. Мэдээллээс илүү зар сурталчилгаа ихтэй.
As for Internet friendships, sitting at home in front of a computer making `chat friends` is not the same as actually meeting people.Та интернет холбогдсоноор олон найзтай болдог гэвч яг үнэндээ тэд уулзалддаггүй.
In conclusion, the Internet obviously has both good and bad points.Мэдээж интернет нь сайн муу хоёр талтай.
Fortunately, the system is improving all the time, and any problems which still exist can be solved.Аз болоход энэ систем нь цаг ирэх тусам сайжирдаг ба ямар нэгэн асуудал үүсэхэд шийдэж чаддаг.
Whether we like it or not, the Internet is here to stay, so we have to make the best possible use of it.Ямарч байсан интернет цаашид хөгжих болно иймээс бид хэрэглэх боломжтой.

The internet

The internet: FAQs
(Frequently Asked Questions)
Интернэт
(Хамгийн эрэлттэй асуултууд)
The Internet is without doubt one of the most important inventions in history.
Интернэт бол түүхэнд зохион бүтээгдсэн хамгийн чухал зүйл юм.
It was started in 1968 by the US government, but at first it was used mainly by scientists.1968 онд Америкийн засгийн газар хэрэглэж эхэлсэн боловч эрдэмтэд ихэвчлэн хэрэглэдэг байжээ.
Since 1990, when the World Wide Web was created, it has changed the world, and its uses are growing every day.WWW нь 1990 онд бүтээгдсэнээсээ хойш дэлхий өөрчлөгдөж өдөр ирэх тусам хөгжсөөр байна.
1. What was the Internet?
Интернэт гэж яг юу вэ?
The Internet is network (several networks, in fact) of millions of computers around the world, connected by phone lines, satellite or cable, so that all the computers on the net can exchange information with each other.Интернэт гэдэг нь дэлхий дээрх сая сая компьютерийг холбосон сүлжээ бөгөөд утасны шугам, хиймэл дагуул болон кабелиар холбогдож компьютерууд хоорондоо мэдээлэл солилцдог.
2. What is the same thing as the web, isn’t it?
Вебтэй адилхан зүйл нь юу вэ?
Not quite. The Internet links computers, and the World Wide Web is a system which links the information stored inside these computers.Яг тийм биш. WWW систем нь тухайн компьютерт мэдээлэлийг хадгалах холбоо юм.
3. What do I need in order to use the internet?
Та интернэтэд ямар дараалалаар холбогдох вэ?
A company or organisation stores its information in electronic documents on one of the internet computers, somewhere in the world.Дэлхийн хаана ч интернэт компьютер нь мэдээллийг хадгалах зохион байгуулалтаар ажилладаг.
This computer space – the company’s web site- has an address, in the same way that every telephone has a number.Энэхүү компьютерийн талбай нь компьютерийн вэб сайт болон хаяг, утасны дугаараас бүрдэнэ.
To visit a website, you simply enter the address.
Та интернэтэд зочлохдоо маш энгийнээр хаяг оруулж болно.
Your computer is connected to the web site, a document is downloaded, and a page appears on your computer screen.
Таны компьютер вэб сайтад холбогдсоноор мэдээлэл татахад таны компьютер хариу мэдээлэл ирнэ.
4. What is a web site, and how do I visit one?
Вэб сайт гэж юу вэ,мөн үүнд яаж зочилох вэ?
When you visit a web site looking for information, some words on the page may be underlined, showing that there is more information about the subject in another document.Вэб сайтаар мэдээлэл хайж байх үед зарим үгс догуураа зураастай байх ба энэ нь мэдээллийн гол агуулгыг харуулсан байдаг
If you click on one of this words, the web automatically connects your computer to a new document or web site, even if this is stored thousands of kilometers away.Энэ үгнүүд дээр дарахад вэб хуудас автоматаар холбогдож тухайн сайт болон шинэ вэбд холбогддог.
You’re surfing the net!
Энэ бол таны интернэт дэх талбар юм.
5. What can I use the internet for
Би интернэтээр юу хийж чадах вэ?
The main use of the internet is to find information- for your schoolwork or job, or just to find out more about your hobbies, sports or current events.
Хэрэглэгдэх хичээл болон ажил, эсвэл өөрийн сонирхдог зүйл, спорт болон хүссэн зүйлийнхээ талаар сүүлийн үеийн мэдээлэлийг интернэтээс хайж болно.
You can also use the internet to read newspapers and magazines, play games, plan your holiday or buy things from your favourite shop.
Мөн та интернэтээр сонин болон сэтгүүл уншиж, тоглоом тоглож, амралтынхаа төлөвлөгөөг хийх эсвэл дуртай дэлгүүрээсээ хүссэн зүйлээ худалдан авах боломжтой юм.
E-mail makes it possible to send electronic messages anywhere in the world in seconds, and you can use the internet to ‘chat’ with people and make new friends.Та ‘электрон шуудан’-г ашигласнаар хэдхэн секундийн дотор дэлхийн хаана ч электрон захиаг илгээх боломжтой бөгөөд интернэт дэх чатаар шинэ найзуудтай болж хүмүүстэй харилцаж болно.
6. How do I “surf the net”?
Яаж өөрийн орон зайг үүсгэх вэ?
If you don’t already use the internet, all you need to get started is a computer, a modem and phone line.Хэрэв та одоо хүртэл интернэт ашигладаггүй бол компьютерыг одооноос ашиглаж эхлэх хэрэгтэй. Мөн компьютерээ модем болон утасны шугамд холбох хэрэгтэй.
Using the internet is getting cheaper and easier all the time.Интернэтийн ашигласанаар хямд, амар хялбар аргаар цагийг үр дүнтэй өнгөрөөх болно.
Are you ready to surf the net? There’s a whole exciting internet world out there waiting for you!Та интернэтээр аялахад бэлэн үү? Дэлхий дээр болж буй гайхалтай зүйлүүд таныг хүлээж байна.